MARS: Different degrees of winter hardiness in wheat - first damage due to wintering The development of frost tolerance has progressed differently in the individual European wheat-growing regions due to the different temperature developments. Progress can be seen in the north, east and central Europe. Winter hardiness is weaker than usual in the southeast and in Turkey due to the unusually high temperatures since December 2020. Almost full frost hardness can be seen in the Baltic States, southern Finland and large parts of Scandinavia. This also applies to the European part of Russia with the exception of the cultivation regions on the Black Sea and in the Volga district. The wheat stocks in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Austria and southern Germany show advanced winter hardiness .A partially achieved frost tolerance can be observed in the grain stocks of northern Germany (including Schleswig-Holstein), eastern parts of France and large areas of central and northern Spain . The first winter damage has already been reported in the Volga district , in the northern part of Romania , the central Balkan states including northwestern Turkey and in northern Spain . Acute cold spells overwhelmed the crops' lack of cold tolerance despite the snow cover. The further weather outlook is based on unusually warm temperatures, with a focus on the southern regions. On the other hand, in Great Britain, Ireland, large parts of Scandinavia and in the Italian Po Delta, unusually low Celsius degrees of 4 to -0.5 are expected.
